Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don't Have All the Facts · chapter 4 · id thinking-in-bets-c4-02-robert-k-mertons-scientific-no

“Robert K. Merton's scientific norms (CUDOS: communism, universalism, disinterestedness, organized skepticism) should be applied to decision-making groups.”

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Merton (1942), 'The Normative Structure of Science'source alive

Merton articulated four institutional imperatives of science: communism (shared ownership of results), universalism (evaluation by pre-established criteria), disinterestedness (institutional control over self-interest), organized skepticism (systematic questioning).

Oxford Review of Education (2023), 'The DECAY of Merton's scientific norms'DOI registry: valid

CUDOS is being replaced by DECAY (differentialism, egoism, capitalism, advocacy, yearning) due to neoliberal market forces in academia. Merton's norms are now considered somewhat outdated as descriptive of actual scientific practice.

Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)source alive

Merton's norms remain influential as aspirational ideals for scientific practice, even as actual practice often falls short.

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