The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable · chapter 6 · id the-black-swan-c6-05-poppers-the-open-society-and-i

“Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) argued that historicism -- the belief that history follows deterministic laws leading to inevitable outcomes -- is the intellectual foundation of totalitarianism, with Plato, Hegel, and Marx as its chief proponents.”

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Wikipedia: The Open Society and Its Enemiessource alive

The book critiques historicism and defends the open society and liberal democracy. Published in 1945 in two volumes: 'The Spell of Plato' and 'The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath.'

IEP: Karl Popper's Political Philosophysource alive

Popper presents Hegelian and Marxist philosophies of history as major intellectual sources of modern totalitarian movements and contrasts them with his defense of liberal democracy, institutional restraints on power, and piecemeal social engineering.

Philosophy Now: The Open Society Revisitedsource alive

Classical scholars have argued that Popper's reading of Plato is selective and anachronistic, downplaying the complexity of the dialogues and the historical context of Greek democracy.

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